The first alloy used in this application was a nickel-based alloy (MAR M-200) with 12.5% tungsten, which accumulated in the dendrites during solidification. In order to minimize the effect on properties, grain boundaries are aligned parallel to the dendrites. At high temperatures, grain boundaries are weaker than grains. An application of dendritic growth in directional solidification is gas turbine engine blades which are used at high temperatures and must handle high stresses along the major axes. Dendrites usually form under non-equilibrium conditions. This remelting of the dendrites is called recalescence. As dendrites develop further into the liquid metal, they get hotter because they continue to extract heat. The dendrites are also common in cast products, where they may become visible by etching of a polished specimen. One application where dendritic growth and resulting material properties can be seen is the process of welding. Smaller dendrites generally lead to higher ductility of the product. Conversely, a rapid cooling cycle with a large undercooling will increase the number of nuclei and thus reduce the size of the resulting dendrites (and often lead to small grains). The dendritic growth will result in dendrites of a large size. Generally, if the melt is cooled slowly, nucleation of new crystals will be less than at large undercooling. Nucleation and growth determine the grain size in equiaxed solidification while the competition between adjacent dendrites decides the primary spacing in columnar growth. A dendrite growing in an undercooled melt can be approximated as a parabolic needle-like crystal that grows in a shape-preserving manner at constant velocity. The growth rate of the resultant crystalline substance will depend on how fast this latent heat can be conducted away. For a pure material, latent heat is released at the solid–liquid interface so that the temperature remains constant until the melt has completely solidified. As solidification proceeds, an increasing number of atoms lose their kinetic energy, making the process exothermic. The microstructural length scale is determined by the interplay or balance between the surface energy and the temperature gradient (which drives the heat/solute diffusion) in the liquid at the interface. If the anisotropy is large enough, the dendrite may present a faceted morphology. The dendrite thus exhibits a sharper and sharper tip as it grows. In metallic systems, the solid then attempts to minimize the area of those surfaces with the highest surface energy. In metallic systems, interface attachment kinetics is usually negligible (for non-negligible cases, see dendrite (crystal)). This growth direction may be due to anisotropy in the surface energy of the solid–liquid interface, or to the ease of attachment of atoms to the interface on different crystallographic planes, or both (for an example of the latter, see hopper crystal). The solid shape begins to express the preferred growth directions of the crystal. As the sphere grows, the spherical morphology becomes unstable and its shape becomes perturbed. Initially, a spherical solid nucleus grows in the undercooled melt. The requirement is that the liquid (the molten material) be undercooled, aka supercooled, below the freezing point of the solid. Dendrites form in unary (one-component) systems as well as multi-component systems. This dendritic growth has large consequences in regard to material properties.
A dendrite in metallurgy is a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal solidifies, the shape produced by faster growth along energetically favourable crystallographic directions.
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